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To control for regional variations, we include a vector of regional dummies (V i ) which take a value of 0 for peripheral areas and 1 for central onesb.
These sub-indicators are aggregates of basis measures, which take a value of 0 to 6.4Blanchard and Wolfers (2000) construct their EPL index for every five years, and then Nickell (2006) interpolates them.
where L ii are the geometrical factors which take a value of L 11 = 0 and L 33 = 1 in the case of nanoplatelets [15, 20], ϕ is the volumetric fraction of particles, and β ii coefficients are defined as: {beta}_{mathrm{ii}}=frac{k_{mathrm{np}}-{k}_{mathrm{bf}}}{k_{mathrm{bf}}+{L}_{mathrm{ii}}cdot left({k}_{mathrm{np}}-{k}_{mathrm{bf}}right)} (3).
These are used to create dummy variables LEAST and MOST which take a value of 1 if any dimension in the health state is at the least (most) severe level, and 0 otherwise.
The labeling state of a metabolite containing n carbon atoms is denoted by the coefficients (a, b, …, n), which take a value of 0 if the atom in the corresponding carbon position is C or a value of 1 if the atom is C.
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"If you've been in equities, it doesn't matter what you've owned in the past few months, because there's been nowhere to hide," said Bill Nygren, manager of the Oakmark fund, which takes a value approach.
Part-time is a dummy variable which takes a value of one if the individual is employed part-time.
Second, we consider a question on whether the Iraq war was a mistake.38 Again, we construct a iraq_mistake dummy which takes a value of 1 if the respondent believes that the war was a mistake and 0 otherwise.
A definition of observable f(A) (or observable A + B, or observable A·B, both constructed from observables A and B) would be that it is an observable which takes a value calculated by measuring v(A) (or measuring v(A) and v(B)) and applying f to the result (or calculating v(A) + v(B), or calculating v(A) v(B)).
Finally, we also look at a question on the desirability of a trade policy measure, i.e., participation of the USA in the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) agreement.39 In particular, we create an anti_CAFTA dummy variable, which takes a value of 1 if the respondent opposes the agreement and 0 otherwise.
Finally, since elevated unemployment can simply be due to an economy being in a recession, we include D rec which takes a value of one from the first of at least two consecutive quarters of negative quarter-on-quarter GDP growth.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com