Their case seems to rest on the perplexing argument that the fee would amount to a bill of attainder, which singles out a specific group of people and violates their right to due process.
However, even in the most extreme scenario in which there is a single specific order in which the substitutions must be acquired, and any other order results in a virion with a replicative fitness of zero, if fewer than four mutations are required, the effect on the rate of accumulation of mutations is less than that of the deleterious scenario described above (Fig. 3C and figs. S14 and S15).
Vishesha, or specific difference, which singles out an individual of that class.
This five-week stop is specific to the Historias initiative, which singles out Latinos.
Usually, this is the cost of a single specific mechanism which provides resistance to only a single family of antibiotics, or often a small number of MGEs which provide resistance to one or more antibiotic families.
Additionally, a key question of interest is whether to manipulate a few specific oncogenes or to manipulate a single specific miRNA, which may in turn change the levels of many different genes with diverse cellular functions.
The FDA recognizes two categories of IVD devices: a "kit" that is shipped from an IVD manufacturer to any appropriate clinical laboratory for use as a diagnostic or a laboratory-developed test (LDT), which can be thought of as a "service" offered by a single specific laboratory, within which the assay was developed, manufactured, and validated using specific equipment.
Which singles did the best?
Some main diseases groups and single specific diseases, for which the epidemiological evidence had shown an association with occupation in petrochemicals or residence in the neighbourhoods, were analysed [ 21, 22].
