The fractographic analysis of the specimens indicates that the final fatigue fracture could be due either to the joint action of a large number of cracks, which propagate from the substrate coating interface, or to a single dominant fatigue crack, depending on the maximum alternating stress applied to the coated system.
In the multipath environment, the important component for ranging based on the TOA technique is the direct ray, which propagates from the transmitter towards the receiver.
In this method, the gradients of misfit functions with respect to density, shear wave speed, and compressional wave speed are simply given by the interaction between the forward wavefields, which propagate from the source to the receivers, and the adjoint wavefields, which propagate from the receivers back to the source.
The behavior of the atmospheric gravity waves, planetary waves, and tides, which propagate from the lower atmosphere to the middle atmosphere and the ionosphere, was of a particular interest.
The C2V message, (U_{mn}^{ itr)}), which propagates from check node m to variable node n at the itr-th iteration, is generated as follows: begin{array}rcl@ U_{mn}^{ itr)} = 2 tanh^{-1}left({prod_{n'in N(m)setminus n} tanhleft({frac{1}{2} V_{mn'}^{ itr-1)}}right)}right), end{ itr-1 (1).
This section details a preliminary model to describe how computations may occur if cytoskeletal 'data' are considered to be hypothetical generalized energetic events which propagate from one molecule to the next according to the following rules.
In the Zemax model, a radial source with a Gaussian profile was defined at a wavelength of 800 nm, which propagates from a cylinder of refractive index similar to that of the core of the fiber used.
The excited PA waves from the sample, which propagated through ultrasound coupling gel, was reflected by a transparent glass slide (acoustic reflector, AR) and then received by a transducer array (L7-4 for phantom and CL15-7 for cadaver tissue, Philips Healthcare).
The flexible body is set into a rigid cylinder of infinite extent, and the shell motions are excited by waves which propagate from infinity inside the duct.
