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As a lobbyist, he successfully helped push the Jackson-Vanik amendment to the 1974 Trade Act, which penalized the Soviet Union for restricting Jewish immigration to Israel.
Bond investors have lashed out at the structure of the Washington Mutual deal, which penalized them but protected the F.D.I.C.'s insurance fund from a potentially devastating loss.
Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany had led political efforts to modify the plan, put forward by the European Commission, which penalized makers of larger and heavier vehicles, like Daimler and Porsche.
Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and former Senator John Edwards of North Carolina withdrew their names at the request of the national Democratic Party, which penalized Michigan with the loss of its convention delegates because the early date of its primary violated party rules.
Model selection was based on a fitness which penalized models for increasing complexity.
Model acceptability was quantified with Deviance Information Criterion DICC), which penalized model accuracy by the number of retrieved parameters.
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Those results are contrasted with those from the multivariate regression technique of the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso), which is a penalized shrunken regression method that selects the specific channels for each element that explain the most variance in the concentration of that element.
This favors the conservation-based methods, whose scoring depends on several genomes and therefore less often achieve maximum scores but give more fine-grained predictions compared to for example PWM scanning which is more penalized, especially on the shorter motifs.
The maximum likelihood estimates β ^ are those which maximize this penalized likelihood.
Score-based methods search the space of all possible DAGs to identify the network which maximizes a penalized likelihood function.
The selected model γ ^ is that which maximizes the penalized LOD score criterion, among all models visited.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com