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The construct measured in the VET, as explained earlier, is the facility in spoken language which is operationalized in the VET through the six item types (see Table 1).
Introduced originally to explain gender differences in achievement behavior, we verify the usefulness of fear of success (FS) in sport domain by using the emotionally-based definition of FS proposed by Metzler and Conroy (2007), which is operationalized as belief strengths regarding aversive successes that predispose individuals to appraise success as threatening.
Spectrum assumes that all ARV is provided to HIV-infected people in need of such treatment, which is operationalized as a median of 3 years before estimated time of AIDS-related deaths[ 26].
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Van der Panne and Dolfsma (2003) used micro-data of Dutch firms which were operationalized in terms of the TH dimensions (Storper 1997): (1) postal codes which indicate the region, etc., in the geographic dimension; (2) technological classifications (NACE codes of the OECD);d and (3) firm sizes indicating the economic dynamics (e.g., small- and medium-sized enterprises versus large corporations).
The NARQ covers both Gross's scales Reappraisal and Suppression which were operationalized in a more behavior-related manner.
Health status, which was operationalized in various ways (e.g. presence of unhealthy lifestyle factors or chronic disease and self-reported health) was in both positively and negatively related to participation in an equal way.
To identify trends in outcome measures, we calculated changes in clinical parameters from baseline to follow-up, which was operationalized as the last measurement of each clinical outcome per patient registered during the second year of the research period.
The 15/16 year olds recorded the highest future education they had considered, which was operationalized into: university higher (i.e. university or regional college higher degree); other (university or regional college intermediate level; upper secondary school; vocational education at upper secondary school; one year at upper secondary school; other plans) and not decided.
The key independent variables are marital status (married = 1) and family economic situation (measured as the total income of other family members), which are operationalizing indicators of family patronage.
Yet the ways in which engagement is operationalized and the influence this has on the way research populations are constructed varies greatly from one context to another.
As with the case of trade volume, the sample of 101 countries did not pass the Pesaran (2004) cross-sectional dependence test, so we report the results for the sample of 80 countries in which factor productivity is operationalized by total factor productivity.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com