which have not been

USAGE SUMMARY

'which have not been' is a perfectly correct and usable phrase in written English.
It is used to refer to something that has not happened or been done in the past, usually in contrast to something else that has been done. For example: "Many businesses have already adopted energy efficient practices, which have not been adopted by some of their competitors."

✓ Grammatically correct

Science

News & Media

Academia

Human-verified examples from authoritative sources

Exact Expressions

60 human-written examples

Or claiming for quantum taxes which have not been incurred.

MIT Technology Review

Tells about U.S. quotas which have not been effective.

The New Yorker

Inspect the extracted spectra which have not been skysubtracted from any of your images.

Harvard University

The integration of Internet sources poses several challenges which have not been sufficiently addressed.

Stanford University

We describe several NN methods, some of which have not been widely used in computer vision.

Columbia University

Lectures which have not been published are so indicated in this bibliography.

Yale University

Some experimental results revealed a few exceptions to this rule which have not been rationalised yet.

Electrochimica Acta

Both hazard types require long-term planning horizons, which have not been readily or optimally adopted.

Landscape and Urban Planning

At the same time, there are issues and tasks which have not been yet fully resolved.

Acta Astronautica

PAX8 and IMP3 are two markers which have not been well studied in the endocervix.

Gynecologic Oncology

Reforms to improve competitiveness, which have not been forthcoming, will be even more difficult to implement.

The Guardian - Opinion

Expert writing Tips

Best practice

When using "which have not been", ensure that the antecedent is clear and unambiguous. This improves readability and avoids confusion about what you're referring to.

Common error

Avoid using "that" when introducing a nonrestrictive clause. "Which", preceded by a comma, is appropriate for adding extra information that is not essential to the sentence's meaning. For example: The reports, which have not been verified, should be handled with caution.

Linguistic Context

The phrase "which have not been" functions as a relative clause, specifically a nonrestrictive (or nonessential) clause. It provides additional, non-critical information about a noun or noun phrase already identified. Ludwig AI confirms its grammatical correctness.

Expression frequency: Very common

Frequent in

Science

35%

News & Media

28%

Academia

12%

Less common in

Encyclopedias

3%

Formal & Business

2%

Reference

0%

Ludwig's WRAP-UP

In summary, "which have not been" is a versatile and grammatically sound phrase used to introduce nonrestrictive relative clauses. It appears frequently in science, news, and academic writing. According to Ludwig AI, the phrase is considered correct. When using this phrase, ensure that you precede it with a comma and that it adds extra, non-essential information. Alternatives like "that weren't" or "that haven't been" can be used depending on the context. Remember to avoid using "that" incorrectly when "which" is required for a nonrestrictive clause.

More alternative expressions

Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:

that haven't been

Employs a contraction while maintaining a similar tense and structure.

that weren't

Uses a contraction and simpler verb form for a more informal tone.

which weren't

Uses a contraction and a simpler verb form for a more colloquial tone.

that were not

Omits "have" to form a simple past passive construction.

that have yet to be

Highlights that something is pending or expected.

which remain un-

Uses a prefix to indicate a lack of action or completion.

which are still to be

Emphasizes the future aspect of the non-completion.

that did not

Replaces the present perfect with a simple past construction.

that fail to be

Rephrases the concept using "fail" to express a lack of completion.

that lack

Substitutes a verb indicating absence for a passive construction.

FAQs

How to use "which have not been" in a sentence?

Use "which have not been" to introduce a nonrestrictive clause, providing additional information that is not essential to the sentence's main point. For instance: "The documents, which have not been reviewed, are still under consideration."

What's the difference between "which have not been" and "that have not been"?

"Which have not been" introduces a nonrestrictive clause, adding extra information. "That have not been" would introduce a restrictive clause, essential for defining the noun it modifies. Always use a comma before "which" in nonrestrictive clauses.

What can I say instead of "which have not been"?

You can use alternatives like "that weren't", "that haven't been", or "that were not" depending on the context and desired level of formality.

Is it correct to start a sentence with "which have not been"?

No, "which have not been" cannot start a sentence. It introduces a relative clause that must follow the noun or pronoun it modifies.