Dimerization of these receptor subunits in response to the binding of type I interferons (IFNα or IFNβ) causes the activation of Janus kinase (Jak) family members, Jak1 and Tyk2, which eventually activate the signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat1 and Stat2) proteins [23].
In response to insect attack, plants usually show an ethylene burst which eventually activates polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and proteinase inhibitor activities [98].
We can see that ATM is the transductor gene for the DNA damage signal, which eventually activates p53 through inactivation of MDM2.
Cross-talk at mediator level includes the activation/inactivation of major components of mediator pathways by mutation/deletion of oncogenic driver genes, which eventually activates downstream effectors [ 1].
The increased protein translation results in depletion of cellular ATP and induces ROS production, which eventually activates apoptotic pathways in cell.
TLR9 is known to recruit multiple Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptors such as MyD88, TRAF6, TIRAP/Mal and the kinases RICK/RIP2 and IRAK, which eventually activates p38 (Akira & Takeda, 2004; Beutler, 2004).
As psychosine builds up and accumulates to toxic levels, neurons appear to activate caspase 3, which eventually trigger an apoptotic-death programme.
This activation confirms that one of the initiator caspases (caspase-2, caspase-8, and caspase-9) was first activated which eventually could activate the executioner caspase (caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7) which in this case was caspase-3 and thus led to the induction of apoptosis [ 26].
Again, in HER2/ neu-mediated resistance to DNA-damaging agents, the Akt pathway becomes activated which eventually suppresses p53 functions via enhancing MDM2-mediated ubiquitination [ 44].
One might speculate that during glutamate-induced oxidative stress, SERCA is inhibited and IP3 receptors activated, which eventually results in ER Ca2+ store depletion triggering ORAI1-mediated detrimental Ca2+ influx.
