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The eight books on the longlist fulfilled the judges' highest expectations; they also revealed the extent to which crossover novels - those written to appeal to both children and adults - are in the ascendancy.
The crossover rate, or probability of crossover, affects the rate at which crossover between parents occur.
Adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA), in which crossover and mutation probabilities are dynamically adjusted according to the population fitness through generations, outperformed simple GA (SGA).
Extraction of the routes in which crossover should be performed: for each child, according to Ren [13], a string of 0 and 1 is extracted.
Bayesian networks are amenable to evolutionary methods as they can be easily described using a binary string to which crossover and mutation operations can be applied.
In order to do so, we analyzed three different crossover models: SCC, in which crossover is limited to the single- copy region; WRC, in which crossover can occur in the whole simulated region; and HSC, in which crossover happens at a previously defined hot spot or hotspots.
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To test this hypothesis we measured recombination frequencies at two additional regions in which crossovers are normally low (region 2A toward the distal end of the X chromosome) or absent (region 102D on chromosome 4).
Meiotic recombination is initiated through the introduction of double-strand breaks (DSBs), so a simple method to control crossover distribution might be to make DSBs exclusively at sites at which crossovers are desired and then generate a crossover at each DSB site.
Such different recombination patterns might be partly explained by occasional multivalent formation during male meiosis, in which crossovers between homeologous chromosomes are increased in the telomeric regions while crossovers between homologous chromosomes are hindered in the centromeric regions through structural constraints (Sakamoto et al. 2000).
In part the total number of crossovers on each chromosome is restricted by crossover interference, which prevents crossovers from occurring near each other and is very strong in mammals, operating over distances spanning tens of megabases [29], [30].
In what follows, we assume no chromatid interference (NCI), that is, which chromatids crossover at a given point are not dependent on which chromatids crossover at other points.
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