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As part of the scope, which comprises contributions from manufacturers and sponsors and other stakeholders (e.g. patients, carers, clinical experts), NICE determines which comparators are relevant for the appraisal (Section 2.4.1 GMS TAPS 5).
The complete set of direct and indirect clinical trials used as the evidence base by the three agencies in informing the drug-reimbursement recommendations was different in most cases, often related to which comparators were considered relevant in each geography.
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The SIR for NMSC varied depending on which comparator database was employed (fig 3).
This again plays a role in determining which comparator technology would be considered adequate.
Other guidelines, for example those of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) [ 6 ] in the USA and the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) [ 7 ] in New Zealand, specify which comparator to use in the analysis (for example, "the treatment that most prescribers would replace in New Zealand," page 8).
Other study design approaches include a new user cohort design, which uses an active comparator as a referent and estimates event rates during the time following initiation of treatment, and the case control design, which compares exposure rates during the time before outcome incidence and compares with exposure rates among matched patients who did not experience the outcome.
The exhaust of the air bearing is guided to the exterior of the booth in which the comparator is placed.
We converted the STRICTA guidelines into a reporting quality assessment checklist involving 30 items for trials incorporating an acupuncture control group, and 21 items for trials in which the comparator did not involve acupuncture.
We included studies in which the comparator was placebo, usual therapy or an alternative drug.
For individual-level interventions, we searched for randomised controlled trials in which the comparator was placebo, no intervention or usual care.
The curve was generated that used net benefits to graph the changing percentage of simulations for which each comparator is cost effective relative to all other strategies.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com