Clusters in which cases occurred within 2 years of each other were present in six DNA fingerprinting patterns and accounted for 27 (36%).
In particular, if family influences or "background" common to both siblings or twins are relatively important in determining schooling, then the remaining within-family differences can be more reflective of ability differences to which schooling responds, in which case the within-family estimate of the return to schooling can be more biased than estimates using across-family variation.
If the second term in Eq. (11) is the same across industries (industry-neutral group employment growth), then ( Delta {D}_{ist}^W ) = ∆S ist, in which case the within-industry demand shift for a particular demographic group is indistinguishable from that group's supply shift.
In the personal risk factor study, there were four instances in which cases were clustered within households (two cases per household).
27 This characterisation will underpin the ways in which cases are conceptualised within the different approaches to improvement outlined above.
We first generated full cohort data within which cases occur in time, and then obtained a frequency matched case-control sample within that.
With Nfampergroup = 1, markers cannot estimate the family means, in which case selection is for within-family deviations as estimated by the markers, i.e. within-family selection, which is known to result in low rates of inbreeding.
In contrast, we hypothesize that prolonged semelparity is iteroparity on a short time scale, in which case reproductive allocation within a lifetime will vary depending on expected adult survival.
For example, to test the cohort competition effect, the initial cohort size would be correlated with neural activity with the initial cohort frequency as a covariate, in which case the members within each cohort were treated equally (frequency weighted).
13 Pharmacists can either be qualified as supplementary prescribers, in which case they operate within an agreed clinical management plan (CMP) in partnership with the doctor and patient, or as an independent prescriber, in which case they can either prescribe completely independently or within a CMP.
