A fundamental role in signaling is fulfilled by the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in a plant species and metal dependent manner (Gupta and Luan 2003Rentel et al. 2004).
The most significantly enriched pathway was cAMP-dependent protein kinase A signaling, which can activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in lung adenocarcinoma [ 27].
The action of p53 as a tumor suppressor is mainly due to its transcription factor activity, which can activate or repress downstream targets.
Exosomes from MSCs are strictly immunostimulatory in their biological activities, which can activate autoreactive B and T cells in non-obese diabetic mice [ 152].
Drosha and Dicer act as components of larger complexes containing accessory proteins, often double-stranded RNA-binding proteins, which can activate or repress the activity of these complexes.
In this process the cleavage of nanotube C C bonds results in active sites, which can activate molecules in gas phase or adsorbed on the surface of carbon nanotubes.
C3G also has been implicated in the activation of R-Ras, which can activate the stress-related kinase JNK1 [ 122, 123].
The −1195 A→G polymorphism creates a c-MYB binding site, which can activate COX-2 expression, and displays a higher promoter activity [15].
Experts said the spike in seismic activity was mainly caused by the oil and gas industry injecting wastewater deep underground, which can activate dormant faults.
miR-22 inhibits TET family proteins which can activate miR-200, and lncRNA-ATB also inhibits miR-200.
One hypothesis is that GO may serve as an immune adjuvant, which can activate the DCs and induce a more potent immune response.
