Remarkably, gene expression profiling also revealed upregulation in the expression of Map3k4 and Map3k10, which are upstream kinases of MKKs and mediate activation of P3819,20, in P38α−/− erythroblasts (Fig. 2c).
Contigs which are upstream of the reference point are assigned negative distances, whereas contigs downstream are assigned positive ones.
It has been shown to acetylate and regulate the transcriptional activity of p53 and p63 [21]–[23], both of which are upstream regulators of p21Waf1/CIP1 [24], [25].
A recent study has shown that PAK1 can phosphorylate and activate both MEK1 [27] and Raf [28], which are upstream activators of ERK.
In the case of PKA, commonly used activators are agonists of the β-adrenergic receptors or activators of adenylyl cyclases, both of which are upstream activators of PKA.
Based on these results, we also assessed whether Dcas interacted genetically with Drosophila orthologs of integrin α (mewEY09631 and mewG0429; IfB2 and If3) and β (mys1) subunits, which are upstream activators of SRC and FAK.
However the above sequences, which are upstream of genes in promoter regions, are unrelated to those reported here.
Maltopentaose participates in two reactions in the model, both of which are upstream of most other reactions.
