There is a rise in the expenditure between 2003 and 2004, which is spurious for the same reason as for the participants (cf. above).
Similarly, our falsification test also helps reduce the concern raised by Dube et al. (2010); Allegretto et al. (2011) that high-wage industries also experienced lower job growth after minimum wage increases, which is spurious.
However, if the temporal direction of the variables is added to this paradox and there is no bias and random error, the paradox is resolved: It is then determinable which association is real and which is spurious in a causal sense.
The Ars geometriae, which is ascribed to Boethius, but was in reality composed in the 12th century (Folkerts 1970, 105), ascribes discoveries in mathematics to Architas which are clearly spurious (Burkert 1972a, 406).
So, among the 17.4 milliion ORFs identified in the GOS study, many are spurious ORFs, which are not protein coding sequences.
Although hunting is illegal, tigers are still being slaughtered by poachers -- for their skin or their bones, which are ground into spurious medicinal potions -- and rampant development is obliterating their habitat.
In 1464, when Cosimo de' Medici was in the final stages of his life, Ficino read to him his new translations of certain Platonic dialogues (some of which are now considered spurious).
Observational studies, which are prone to spurious results, are then conducted.
An average mRNA gives rise to about 1000 such micromatches, the vast majority (often all) of which we assume are spurious non-miRNA hits.
We conclude that in addition to the promoter proximal regions, MACS calls a large number of narrower, low coverage peaks, which are potentially more likely to be spurious.
