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Other organisms invariably cause disease in humans, such as the Rickettsia, which are obligate intracellular parasites able to grow and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms.
Peronospora is the most species-rich genus within the downy mildews, which are obligate plant pathogens mostly infecting dicots [31].
In the present study, we have constructed and characterised the metabolic networks of two closely related organisms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, which are obligate intracellular pathogens [12].
Peronospora is the largest genus within the downy mildews, which are obligate parasites of higher plants, and includes various economically important pathogens.
Heritable (i.e., maternally- or vertically-transmitted) associations between endosymbiotic bacteria and insects are ubiquitous [1], many of which are obligate because the host cannot reproduce without the symbiont, and thus, mutualistic because the association is beneficial to both partners.
Of note, green sulfur bacteria, which are obligate anaerobes, possess only the HemY-type Protox.
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Specialist parasites, many of which are obligates, tend to have additional mechanisms to detect their specific host plants.
To this end, the administration must mobilize traditional allies like its NATO partners, which are obligated by treaty to help America defend itself when it is attacked, and which have given assurances that they will do so.
Medicaid does not cover long-term care for illegal immigrants, or for newly arrived legal immigrants, creating a quandary for hospitals, which are obligated by federal regulation to arrange post-hospital care for patients who need it.
Under the program, federal money flows through public school districts, which are obligated to buy the equipment and distribute it, technically as loans, to all schools within the district's geographic boundaries -- public, private and parochial -- based on their enrollment.
The program is still operating, but the refiners, which are obligated to buy the RINs to meet their quotas, are now often bypassing small little-known producers now or offering to buy credits from them only at a discount.
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