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It is an open question, whether differently developed orientation skills require alternate pedestrian navigation interface designs for optimal self-localization during wayfinding.
The significance of whether differently expressed genes were enriched in genes associated with a functional category or pathway was calculated using the hypergeometric test (which is equivalent to Fisher's exact test).
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A third factor was also included, testing whether different cultivars responded differently to the tested factors.
However, this result limits to total muscle protein and does not elucidate whether different proteins behave differently.
For example, it is not possible to find out whether it varies across regions, or whether it applies differently to different firms.
To better assess whether the effect of MIP varies according to different conditions, and to identify areas for improvement, we explored whether MIP differently affects utilization and costs among chronic patients compared to those with acute health needs.
"Other studies have just taken genes at birth and looked at differences irrespective of whether they are differently expressed with different levels of obesity," Dr Relton told the BBC.
Feminists who argue for the epistemic relevance of the identity of knowers, however, are interested in forms of knowing for which it is questionable whether a differently located knower could have the same experience.
Next, we evaluated the DNA methylation status of the genes for RRM2, TOP2B and TOP2A in order to determine whether the differently observed mRNA expressions were modulated by some epigenetic modification inherent to drug-resistant AML cells.
This allowed them to tackle the question of whether bosses behave differently under a different set of institutional rules (and also cultural expectations, although the paper never addresses issues of culture directly).
DIF is most commonly used to assess fairness aspects in the process of instrument development and adaptation (Ackerman 1992; Roussos and Stout 1996) by checking whether individual items operate differently for different test subgroups, thus detecting violations of validity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com