In Australia the health system is shaped by the division of powers whereby responsibility for the system is split between the Commonwealth Government and State and Territorial Governments.
9 A new general medical services (GMS) contract for primary care was introduced in April 2004, 10 whereby responsibility for patients' care by general practitioners was reduced to office hours (8 am-6 30 pm, Monday to Friday).
This is a recent development, whereby the responsibilities for PHC facility operations were moved from the MoH to this new Ministry in 2013.
Of course, there are also systemic challenges, with investment in training by employers falling by 14% and a rise in temporary or gig employment whereby the responsibility for learning shifts to the individual.
These authors state that the intrinsic load of a complex task can be managed by moving from simple to complex learning scenarios and working from low to high fidelity environments whereby the responsibility of students gradually increases.
So, for Fischer and Ravizza, guidance control requires the satisfaction of two conditions: that the mechanism of action is moderately reasons-responsive, and that an agent went through a process whereby she took responsibility for her mechanism of action (the latter is where the historical properties come in).
Whenever crimes of state are adjudicated — at Nuremberg or The Hague, Phnom Penh or Kigali — the principle of command responsibility, whereby the leaders who give the orders are held to a higher standard of accountability than the foot soldiers who follow, pertains.
Examples include the use of automated record-keeping systems, the use of forms and reports periodically checked against physical inventories, and the application of the principle of dual responsibility, whereby work is so subdivided that the work of one employee checks the accuracy of the work of another.
According to Fischer and Ravizza, an agent's mechanism is appropriately reasons-responsive, and issues in conduct constitutive of guidance control, only if she has come to own that mechanism by means of a process whereby she takes responsibility for the mechanisms giving rise to her actions (1998, pp. 207-39).
We live in the age of corporate social responsibility, whereby we expect corporations to self-regulate themselves in the interest of the environment, consumers, and the world community.
