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The first- and second-place digits' distributions are shown in Figure 3 on the right, whereby observed values are represented by bars, values expected according to the NBL by a line.
Using non-linear regression, we fitted a function describing PPV's dependence on specificity, sensitivity (the latter two values merged within the parameter f), and individual odds, whereby observed PPV was aggregated into 8 groups by score.
This effect bears a resemblance to the Hawthorne effect as a form of reactivity whereby observed persons improve or modify their behavior in response to the fact that they know they are being observed [ 26].
It has been suggested that the mirror neuron circuitry linking areas of the ventral premotor cortex with the parietal area PF and the superior temporal sulcus generates the necessary components in establishing inverse models, whereby observed actions are coded into motor plans, and forward models that predicts the sensory (visual) outcome of the movement [21].
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In effect the umpires are accused of "courtsiding" – a practice among gamblers whereby observing events live can provide an edge before betting markets react to changing scores – and it meant that bets could be placed on the outcome of games and sets in the knowledge that the chances of them winning were much higher than the odds implied.
These results suggest a condition-dependence of Ranavirus "virulence" in varying density environments whereby Ranavirus observed relative virulence decreased as the environment induced more stress in the tadpoles.
This was also the case here whereby we observed a plastic response in expression to salinity condition for genes belonging to many gene super-families and functional groups without any known a priori role in osmoregulation.
However, our study showed this not to be the case whereby we observed a very low positive predictive value of only 3 of 936 (0.32%) cases of HIV co-infection.
This relation has been confirmed by our study, whereby we observed a higher correlation between plasma ascorbate concentrations and muscle status than that between vitamin C intake and muscle status.
These data are in agreement with challenge studies using 50 sporozoites, whereby the observed partial reduction in liver-stage parasite burden would not result in sterile immunity and hence not prevent blood-stage infection.
In the E200K mutation the tau and the age at onset presented with an inverse correlation whereby we observed lower tau values in older patients (r = −0.555, p = 0.007).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com