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David Miliband, then foreign secretary, was particularly anxious to preserve the control principle in relation to intelligence, whereby material provided by one nation to another could not be released without the consent of the originating country.
AESO only adds material to the surface, the present work describes the combining of basic ESO with the AESO to produce bi-directional ESO (BESO) whereby material can be added and removed.
Universities from Britain to California are refusing to renew their expensive subscriptions, turning instead to "open access" publishing, an arrangement whereby material is made available free on the Internet with few or no restrictions except for the obligation to cite it.
Therefore, a paradigm shift from the "trial and error" approach to "materials by design" approach is required to develop new-generations of bioactive glasses with controlled release of functional ions tailored for specific patients and disease states, whereby material functions and properties can be predicted from first principles.
Errors might also arise through salience biases whereby material concerns might be more easily recalled than other important values, such as whether one has succeeded in having children; or through differences in positivity biases across income levels (perhaps wealthier people tend to be more "positive-responding" than poorer individuals).
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Better understanding of the various scintillation mechanisms has led to innovative new materials for both gamma-ray and neutron detection, and the concept of scintillator design and engineering has emerged, whereby materials are optimized according to the scintillation properties needed by specific applications.
Passive techniques, whereby materials are placed in the bladder to be infiltrated by cells using the body's own regenerative processes, are being joined by new classes of biomaterial, which combine synthetic and natural properties to provide a biomimetic environment for tissue growth and differentiation.
"We are also interested in a future scenario of 'evolutionary fabrication' whereby materials can self-organize into optimal configurations based on the dynamics of the system," Tibbits explained.
This intense eruption led to the formation of an island whereby volcanic material was emitted into the atmosphere14.
This represents a new paradigm of nanomaterials, whereby one material (graphene) can emerge from another metastable form (penta-graphene).
Mechanical strengthening by grain refinement is a method whereby a material's strength and hardness can be increased by decreasing the average crystallite grain size.
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