Results demonstrated a novel dissociation between confidence and action, suggesting a cognitive architecture whereby confidence estimates can accurately track the statistic of the environment independently from performance.
While classical measurement error leads to attenuation bias whereby OLS and QR estimates are below the true returns to Spanish proficiency, the bias under non-systematic errors is more ambiguous and complex.
But some are also based on aggregate sales data, whereby one estimates total demand or market shares held by various vehicle models (e.g., [1, 5, 14, 20, 22]).
Once these criteria are exhaustively met, the next step consists of inspecting the conditions whereby the estimates obtained in cross-sectional studies capture causal parameters or, in contrast and most importantly, under which circumstances they fall apart.
If a sufficient number of studies (at least 10 studies) were available, we attempted to assess publication bias using a funnel plot or Egger's regression test, whereby effect estimates of the common outcome measures were plotted against the sample size.
Antiretroviral demand is estimated by volumes purchased and presented in person-years whereby: When estimating volume of ARVs purchased, we include all products (FDCs, co-packaged products, and individual medicines) that contain the ARV of interest in calculating volumes purchased.
As one example, Rosén and Gustafsson (this issue) use country-level trend data to pursue a kind of differences-in-differences approach, whereby they estimate the effect of home computer use on achievement.
As the smaller earthquakes tended to have corner frequencies close to the Nyquist one, the results might include an artifact whereby the estimated stress drops for smaller earthquakes tended to decrease because of the limited frequency band availability.
Because of its zoonotic character, fascioliasis has emerged as human infection in the last two decades, whereby an estimated 91 million people are at risk.
