Due to tight timelines, the selection process for the second candidate drug had to be optimized, leading to the development of the novel two-start design, an approach whereby dose ranges are optimized in two experimental phases.
Patients assigned to the intensive management group will follow a strict treatment protocol whereby dose continuation/escalation is determined through the objective assessment of the minimal disease activity (MDA) criteria.
Where this occurred following the loading dose of cetuximab, no modification was made to the subsequent weekly dose unless further episodes of grade ⩾3 skin toxicity occurred, whereby dose reductions to 200 mg m−2 then 150 mg m−2 could be made.
Once justified, all CT examinations must obey the "as low as reasonably achievable" (ALARA) principle, whereby doses delivered to patients must be kept as low as possible to ensure that the benefit to patients always outweighs the potential risks involved [8].
Compiling findings from the present study, it is noteworthy that in vivo antitumor promoting activity of TQF was restricted by dosage whereby lower dose of TQF (10 mg/kg) suppressed DMBA/TPA-induced mice skin papilloma; whilst higher dose of TQF (100 mg/kg) was found to potentiate tumor development.
Compounded BHRT is a form of personalized medicine whereby the dose, regimen, and dosage forms are customized based on the patient's symptoms, hormone levels, and preferences.
Lead (Pb) poisoning has numerous effects on the erythropoietic system, but the precise mechanism whereby high dose exposure causes anemia is not entirely clear.
For convenience, we establish the notation whereby human dose or exposure is denoted HD, the magnitude of effect is denoted by M, and incidence is denoted I.
However, the latter effect may weakened by inhibitory effects of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid on TXA2-induced platelet aggregation, as proposed by Fonlupt et al. [ 26], whereby the dose may be critical for either activating or inhibiting effects [ 27, 28].
However, there are reports that a dose response relationship exists whereby lower doses prove nootropic whilst higher doses do not [25, 26], this is perhaps due to the known pharmacological and physiological action of low-dose nicotine as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant whilst at high doses, a depressant or relaxant effect occurs [18, 28].
Dose banding, whereby prescribed chemotherapy doses are rounded up or down to pre-determined standard doses, is a common practice including in the three centres studied.
