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Zinc sufficiency has also been linked to proper immune functions, whereas deficiencies were related with irregular immunological profiles [ 17, 34].
Knockout of SOD2 in mice is lethal in the first week of life [ 34, 35] whereas deficiencies of SOD1 and SOD3 are not lethal but result in less tolerance of neuronal injury [ 36] or hyperoxia, respectively [ 37].
Whereas deficiencies in respiratory complexes I, III, V or CoQ increased cellular ROS levels and induced oxidative damage, complex IV dysfunction did not promote ROS generation, and the cell death induced by COX dysfunction was rather due to the increased susceptibility of these cells to additional (environmental) stress cues.
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Whereas deficiency of either isoform is lethal, the heterozygous deficient animals manifest increased plasma levels of ADMA, synthesize less NO, and are hypertensive [ 17].
Based on bone marrow transplantation, the phenotype was associated with Ndst1-deficiency (Ndst1−/−) in endothelial cells, whereas deficiency in leukocytes had minimal effect [4].
Based on bone marrow transplantation experiments, the phenotype was associated with Ndst1-deficiency in endothelial cells, whereas deficiency in leukocytes had minimal effect [4].
HIF-1 α deficiency inhibited overall tumor growth, whereas deficiency of HIF-2 α stimulated tumor growth in colorectal cancers xenograft.
Whereas deficiency of Li+ causes behavioral abnormalities and reduced litter size in rats, defined human Li+ deficiency diseases are unknown [ 2].
In accordance with this, in mice it has been shown that deficiency of activating FcγRs leads to inhibition of arthritis and immunopathology, whereas deficiency of the inhibitory FcγRIIb promotes arthritis and leads to increased immunopathology [ 3].
In rice, excessive N stimulates shoot growth, root inhibition, delayed flowering and senescence (Bernier et al. 1993; Stitt 1999), whereas deficiency results in stunted growth, chlorosis, poor yield and anthocyanin pigmentation due to carbohydrate accumulation (Martin et al. 2002).
Consistent with the results of cytotoxicity, knockdown of NRF2 in HaCaT cells dramatically enhanced the sensitivity to iAs3+-induced apoptosis, whereas deficiency of KEAP1 led to a significant apoptotic resistance.
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