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On the other hand, after stimulation, IKKα itself migrates into the nucleus, where it stimulates gene transcription [ 19, 28- 30].
We recently reported that the TLR7-stimulated production of IFNβ in the human plasmacytoid dendritic cell line Gen2.2 occurs via an analogous pathway in which IKKβ [IκB (inhibitor of nuclear factor κB) kinase β] phosphorylates IRF5 at Ser, inducing its dimerization and translocation to the nucleus where it stimulates Ifnb gene transcription [ 25].
Following DELTA binding to the NOTCH receptor in the neighbouring cells, NOTCH is cleaved and its intracellular domain (NICD) translocates to the nucleus, where it stimulates the expression of the Hes family of bHLH transcription factors.
As a result, its effects are directed principally in the colon, where it stimulates peristalsis and, in common with other laxatives, reduces water reabsorption leading to the softening of stools.
Histamine has a physiological role in regulating the secretion of acid in the stomach, where it stimulates the parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid.
The stress hormones adrenaline and cortisol surge out of the adrenal glands, and the cortisol travels to the brain, where it stimulates the release of dopamine, a chemical operating along neural circuits known as the pleasure pathways.
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It reached Hammersmith in 1864, Richmond in 1877 and completed the Inner Circle in 1884, but the most important route was the line north into the Middlesex countryside, where it stimulated the development of new suburbs.
Accordingly, CTGF was mainly detected in complicated plaques where it stimulated mononuclear cell chemotaxis, acting as a pro-atherogenic factor [90].
During meiosis, MOS is translationally up-regulated, where it first stimulates the first reduction division of the cell and then further acts as a cytostatic factor to maintain the oocyte in metaphase arrest at meiosis II until fertilization occurs [ 13].
AFH1 and AFH3 formins were shown to nucleate AFs axially distributed on the PM in Arabidopsis pollen tubes (Cheung and Wu, 2004; Ye et al., 2009), whereas AFH5 associates with the apical flanks of the pollen tube PM, where it directly stimulates actin nucleation (Cheung et al., 2010).
Inhalation of PM2.5 results in its accumulation in the deeper portions of the lungs where it may stimulate macrophages and epithelial cells or cause an influx of neutrophils and eosinophils and promote cytokine and chemokine release (Tao et al. 2003).
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