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Likewise, for daphnia tests we suggest to supplement with tests where (a) exposure is shortened to a 3 h pulse exposure in daphnia toxicity tests with environmentally hazardous metal and metal oxide nanomaterials prone to dissolution; and (b) food abundance is three to five times higher than normal, respectively.
Likewise, for daphnia tests we suggest to supplement with tests where (a) exposure is shortened to a 3 h pulse exposure followed by 48 h post-exposure period in clean medium for tests with environmentally hazardous metal and metal oxide nanoparticles prone to dissolution; and (b) food abundance is three to five times higher than normal, respectively.
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Only exposure to EMF from sources located at a distance from the user of RF-EMF exposimeters was modelled, where an exposure assessment may be performed based on the E-field measurements, because this may be counted as far-field exposure.
There were several instances where an exposure would be significantly associated with worsening lung function in the FEV1 model and in the PF model would have a point estimate in the expected direction of worse lung function, but where the p-value was > 0.05, implying that FEV1 was a more sensitive indicator than PF for pollution effects on lung function.
Where an exposure-response relationship could not be evaluated because of small cell size, we emphasized ORs ≥1.5.
This latter phenomenon is also known as hormesis, where a mild exposure to a stressor induces beneficial effects but is toxic at higher exposure levels (Morse 1998; Costantini et al. 2010).
The mode of the histogram distribution can also be used in a similar manner, as in [5], where a camera exposure system is presented that finds the mode of the histogram and controls the exposure such that the mode drifts towards a target position bin in the histogram.
Where did an exposure occur?
The opposite effect, has been observed in a previous work where a long exposure time of the nanobeam diffraction patterns completely transformed the structure of metallic clusters when the electron beam remains static for a few seconds over the clusters [27].
Where a single exposure measure was paired to multiple measures of the outcome, all resulting pairs were included in analysis.
Unlike breast cancer, where a higher exposure to estrogens is associated with increased malignancy risk, prostate cancer incidence is not associated with high circulating androgen concentrations (308).
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