Whenever between-group selection prevails against within-group selection (however rarely or implausibly) the altruistic gene has the highest average effect and evolves in the total population.
We used a random-effects model whenever the between-city variance was > 0, even if the heterogeneity among effect-size estimates for individual cities was not statistically significant.
Whenever interactions between traits affect fitness, genetic correlations between the interacting traits are expected to evolve (Sinervo and Svensson, 2002), even when the phenotypes belong to different individuals, as in the case of mothers and offspring (Wolf and Brodie, 1998).
The method is not wholly objective because two investigators may produce somewhat different maps whenever interpolation between data points is necessary for construction of the contours.
Parameter identification of manipulators and of more general industrial mechanisms, e.g. gantry manipulators or Gough-Stewart platforms, is required whenever differences between the model representing the ideal manipulator, e.g. (1), and the real manipulator exist.
The present approach has several unique features: (1) It can obtain vibration frequencies which are comparable to, or as accurate as, those by other three-dimensional approaches, whenever comparisons between them are possible, and yet the formulation of the present method is simpler and its application is straightforward.
Beyond these, Alternative 0 is somewhat technical and is only briefly mentioned, Alternative 1 is fine grained, making senses distinct as far as possible, while Alternative 2 makes two terms have the same sense whenever equality between them is a logical validity.
As an important consequence, whenever feedback between signals exists, simple correlation measures may not capture such dependencies, while PDC was introduced to overcome this limitation and specifically should reflect temporal feedback relations [26], [41].
Care services were also available whenever needed between scheduled visits.
Whenever relationships between two traits or more were investigated, all variables were log transformed to linearize the relationship.
All of these vocal cues potentially provide useful information to the receiver whenever variation between categories is larger than the within-category variation.
