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This applied even when sampling with probability proportional to size was used in the second-phase of sampling rather than simple random sampling.
When sampling with replacement, an estimate of its standard error, ( widehat{sigma}left overline{y}right) ), may be determined as widehat{upsigma}left overline{y}right) = left{left[{varSigma_i}_{upepsilon S}{left {y}_i-overline{y}right)}^2right]right./{left.left[nleft n-1right)right]right}}^{raisebox{1ex}{$1$}!left/ !raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}right./{left.left[nleft n-1right
For any one sample, the distribution of the target and auxiliary variable values along that straight-line relationship line will tend to be uniform with simple random sampling, whilst larger values will tend to be more common when sampling with probability proportional to size.
Visual inspection of the phylogenetic trees and the calculated divergence values (Figure 4) suggested that PBM/PBMC viruses could have been ancestral to IS viruses in donors 8835 and 8992, which was supported by 100% bootstrap values at the ancestral node when sampling with replacement.
The other 18 samples had BD levels below the limit of detection (LOD; the minimum exposure dose that could be measured depended on the analytical method. In China the LOD was about 0.4 ppm when sampling with syringe, but 0.2 ppm when sampling with charcoal tube).
The increase in bias observed when sampling with the more realistic "inverse J" distribution has important implications or the design of demographic studies.
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When samples with limestone and calcite powder were immersed in chemical solutions, compressive strength of samples decreased and weight loss increased.
An implementation example of a real filter with improved performance in terms of ISI error probability when sampled with small timing errors is presented.
Saprophagous hoverflies were more abundant in the control and delayed than refuge meadows following the first cut, when sampled with pan traps.
Currently our measured blank value is 36Cl/Cl ≈ 3 × 10−15 when samples with a ratio of 10−11 are used in the same sample wheel and 36Cl/Cl ≈ 5 × 10−16 if measured together with samples with a ratio of 10−12 or below.
When samples with high concentrations of organic material were allowed to age more than 2 h before being analyzed, the DPD method seemed to be susceptible to interference, possibly from the development of other chloramine compounds.
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