A measure can claim reliability if it reproduces stable results when measurements are repeated on an unchanged population.
When measurements are this rough, small variations in the rankings are totally meaningless, even though they may loom very large indeed for the institutions involved.
This was 250,000 square miles (650,000 sq km) below the 1979 to 2000 average for March when measurements are taken for winter sea ice.
(The Environmental Protection Agency recommendation in the United States, when measurements were still done this way, was for an average of 200 particles per 100 milliliters).
But prior to the 19th century, when measurements began, little was known about trends in sea level.
In earlier centuries, when measurements of the transit from various places enabled astronomers to calculate the distance from the Earth to the Sun, scientific bragging rights were at stake in the rush to view it.
What's more, the oven was made when measurements were imperial, and the new, metric-sized replacement is very slightly smaller than the 21-inch Belling, leaving a gap on one side in her 1960s fitted kitchen.
When measurements of this sort are carried out, it is found that the threshold falls progressively as the subject is maintained in the dark room.
When measurements are made at sites the industry chooses and at times the industry allows, emissions are lower than the norm.
Not just when measurements are carried out, but always.
Body weight differences remained until 51 mo, when measurements ceased.
