Although the technique is far from the much rougher, old-fashioned method known as the third degree, which involved physical torture, its use still raises questions about what constitutes coercion.
This clearly makes sense if what makes coercion problematic is (unjust) curtailment of options.
The idea of public justification is, at its root, an idea about what justifies coercion.
"I expect that the way the refugees in Nauru will be treated, will toe a fine line between voluntary and what constitutes coercion".
What transforms coercion into therapy are physicians diagnosing the person's condition a "illness," declaring the intervention they impose on the victim a "treatment," and legislators and judges legitimating these categorizations as "illnesses" and "treatments".
However, the specific nature of coercion remains vague without an indication of what causes this coercion and what stakeholders stand to gain.
Justice Samuel A. Alito Jr. pressed Mr. Negusie's lawyer, Andrew J. Pincus, to define what level of coercion might justify what level of persecution.
Around 3 million Afghans have sought refuge in Pakistan, and roughly 90,000 have returned home this year after what HRW calls coercion on the part of the government.
