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By incorporating an approximately chosen wetting force term into the Navier-Stokes equations and using laminar boundary layer theory, the velocity field, the width and the actual contact angle characterizing the flow of the liquid were determined.
In addition, Fn was much more hydrophilic in adsorbed configuration than in rinsed one since wetting force after rinsing was strongly lower than before rinsing.
The presence of these phosphide precipitates reduced the solderability of the electroless nickel both in terms of the wetting force and wetting kinetics.
While weakening in the wetting force is related to the inferior contact condition, the slower wetting kinetics is explained in terms of the reduction in the dissolution rate of the electroless nickel from non-soluble phosphide particles.
In addition, our results showed that wetting force at this moment was very close to PBS surface reference line.
The reversibility of Fn conformation cannot be related only to a partial/total protein desorption during rinsing step but also to protein reorientation as long as the wetting force do not join the PBS line.
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At this stage, wetting forces from both E1 and E3 from opposite directions act in parallel to the direction of the liquid motion, while de-wetting forces on E2 act perpendicularly on the liquid bridge formed between two active electrodes.
Finally, there was Ra = 85.7 nm for Vn/Glass, whereas there was Ra = 31.6 nm for glass without proteins, as compared to PBS, and wetting forces were not so different.
In the conventional way of splitting shown in Fig. 1b, a parent droplet is pulled by electrowetting forces exerted on two opposite sides of the droplet while the middle portion experiences de-wetting forces.
Steel samples were conventionally annealed (800 °C/60 s in 5%H2 N2) and hot-dipped in ternary Zn Al Mg baths with 0.17 1.2 wt.% of Al and 0.8 1.0 wt.% of Mg for measuring wetting forces and contact angles.
In another hand, for glass-control surface, all single proteins remained at high wetting forces, with a high hydrophilic conformation, enhanced by rinsing step.
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