The earth from the ponds can be used to build levees called superdikes, with an extra-wide wetland edge on the water side.
Landscape diversity appeared to have a negative impact on water quality, whereas forest and wetland edge densities had a positive impact.
The state of the proximal zone (the terrestrial zone within 50m of the wetland edge) and the type of aquatic habitat present (macrophyte or sediment-dominated substrates) were the most important determinants of macroinvertebrate richness and assemblage composition across all types of protected wetlands.
Hunting activity and habitat characteristics (e.g., latitude, shoreline configuration, prey density) explained 13 27% of the variation in waterfowl abundance and species richness among sites, but landscape characteristics (e.g., surrounding residential development, vegetated land, or wetland surrounding the sites and the extent of wetland edge) explained an additional 1 26%.
Buffers at 50- and 500-m intervals radiate out from the wetland edge.
The percentage of forested perimeter was calculated by dividing the length of the wetland edge by the total distance of wetland edge that came into direct contact with the "Forest" category described above.
Richter and Azous (2001) analyzed the proportion of native amphibian species richness at a wetland and the area of forest land within cumulative concentric circles of 10, 100, 500, and 1000 m from the wetland edge in King County, Washington State.
Percent forest was calculated at 19 different distances from the wetlands in cumulative concentric footprints extending outward from the wetland edge every 50 m up to a distance of 500 m and subsequently every 500 m up to 5 km (Fig. 2).
It can also be found on wetland edges, in damp fields, or well watered lawns.
However, predation was not significantly different between meadow and wetland interiors, indicating that both mechanisms can be responsible for the edge effect in wetland edges.
