The Alexandrian position was known in the Western church as the heresy of monophysitism, or the teaching that Jesus had only a divine nature, until the 20th century.
He was strongly influenced by Nestorianism, a form of Christianity considered a heresy by Western Christians, and he favoured Christian advisers.
Martin's pontificate occurred during an extensive controversy that had strained relations between the Eastern and Western churches namely monothelitism, a heresy maintaining that Christ had only one will.
Both the Council of Constance and the Council of Ferrara-Florence have additional importance in the history of late medieval reform in Roman Catholicism Constance for dealing with the problem of heresy within the Western church, and Ferrara-Florence for addressing itself to the relation of Western Roman Catholicism to Eastern Christendom.
While often employing concepts shared with Hinduism and Buddhism, the result of a common cultural and linguistic background, the Jain tradition must be regarded as an independent phenomenon rather than as a Hindu sect or a Buddhist heresy, as some earlier Western scholars believed.
TO MOST Western ears, the very idea of punishing heresy conjures up a time four or five centuries ago, when Spanish inquisitors terrorised dissenters with the rack and Russian tsars would burn alive whole communities of ultra-traditionalist Old Believers.
To some Turks, wearing Western attire instead of traditional garments was akin to heresy, but Atatürk succeeded in changing dress, in the cities at least.
It was proposed early in the 4th century by the Alexandrian presbyter Arius and was popular throughout much of the Eastern and Western Roman empires, even after it was denounced as a heresy by the Council of Nicaea (325).
Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies.
For Gardner, Binladenism is a Wahhabi heresy, violent and romantic, with a strong admixture of western nihilism and half-baked fascism.
