As Johnson himself said in prefacing his Dictionary: "Many seeming faults are to be imputed rather to the nature of the undertaking, than the negligence of the performer".
When it came to Shakespeare's plays, Johnson emphasised the role of the reader in understanding language: "If Shakespeare has difficulties above other writers, it is to be imputed to the nature of his work, which required the use of common colloquial language, and consequently admitted many phrases allusive, elliptical, and proverbial, such as we speak and hear every hour without observing them".
Missing data was to be imputed subsequently using a sensitivity analysis in order to explore the effect of different data imputations.
The SSMi approach automatically accounts for the uncertainty in imputation, which increases with decreasing relationship between genotyped individuals and individuals that are to be imputed [ 32, 33].
To quantify imputation accuracy, we focused on two quantities: (1) ℙ(C1), the probability that a target lineage on which genotypes are to be imputed coalesces first with a lineage from the internal panel, and (2) E[ S2 − S1], the expected difference in the number of imputation errors between the external and internal reference panels.
Missing values were imputed for all items that were to be collated into a domain score.
The remaining SNPs were referred to as untyped SNPs and their genotypes were subject to be imputed by imputation methods.
As imputation accuracy depends (amongst others) on the degree of relationship between sequenced individuals and individuals to be imputed, we also checked how imputing accuracy changes when different numbers of generations are between sequenced individuals and individuals to be imputed.
Figure S3 further supports this hypothesis by measuring the average distance, using the LD-kNNi methodology (d l, Equation 3), from the sample to be imputed to the neighbors being used in the imputation.
Correlations of real and imputed genotypes remained constantly high even if individuals to be imputed were several generations away from the sequenced individuals.
