It is not known whether the latest outbreak in France stems from the virus surviving in wild animals, such as deer, or being reintroduced from elsewhere.
That implies that if malaria is ever wiped out in humans, it is unlikely that it will ever be reintroduced from apes.
The virus no longer exists in the wild, and, unless it is reintroduced from caches of smallpox virus held in laboratories in the United States and Russia, smallpox will no longer occur in humans.
However, it was reintroduced from Sweden and is doing well.... and losers The Wall Brown Picture credit: Alamy (Lasiommata megera): this used to be common along road verges, woodland rides and rough grassland but started to disappear mysteriously in the mid-1980s.
Scores of animals were painted in sheltered spots on the floor, or etched in charcoal on the soaring walls: bison, stags, ibex, aurochs, and, what is rarer, fish (salmon), and Niaux's famous "bearded horses" — a shaggy, short-legged species that, Clottes writes in his new book, has been reintroduced from their native habitat, in Central Asia, to French wildlife parks.
At some point the musk ox became extinct on the Taimyr, but was reintroduced from populations in Alaska and Canada in the 1970s.
Bills which fail to pass through all their parliamentary stages by this point fall, and have to be reintroduced from scratch in the next session.
The rare black-faced impala has been reintroduced from Kaokoland into private farms in Namibia and the Etosha National Park.
Regarding the seasonality of influenza, it is not entirely clear to what degree influenza viruses outlive the summer between two influenza seasons and whether they are reintroduced from other world regions [ 49].
When attempting to assess the likelihood of influenza persistence in a focal region (e.g., Vietnam), we must sample outside the focal region to determine whether local viruses have been reintroduced from elsewhere.
