Rather, the sample is probed by measuring how the mean and variance of the time-integrated measured signal vary with different integration times.
The structure of the transition state was probed by measuring pairwise interaction energies using double-mutant-cycles.
The stability of porous Si thin films after 8 days in cell culture is probed by measuring the optical interferometric reflectance spectra.
Variability in the short-intermediate range order of pure amorphous Si synthesized by different experimental and computational techniques is probed by measuring mass density, atomic coordination, bond-angle deviation, and dihedral angle deviation.
Urea denaturation of the wild-type protein is probed by measuring intrinsic and extrinsic (binding of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid) fluorescence, near- and far-UV CD, and 1D and 2D (1heteronuclearuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC)) NMR.
The photocatalytic activity (PA) of Tb3+ doped TiO2 coatings is probed by measuring the photodegradation of methyl orange under simulated sunlight conditions, suggesting that the main factor affecting PA is concentration of Tb3+ ions incorporated into coatings.
The effects of such factors can be probed by measuring any changes in gene expression (Morley et al., 2004; Stranger et al., 2007; Emilsson et al., 2008).
(228) While subdiffraction microscopy methods allow localization of fluorescent emitters to spots with diameters on the order of tens of nanometers, much smaller length scales can be probed by measuring the coupling between two closely spaced emitters or scatterers.
Transient repair activities in the absence of distinct foci can be probed by measuring protein mobility using Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP); a method that monitors the replenishment of fluorescent proteins into a previously photobleached area inside single cells (Fig. 2A).
The TS structure can also be probed by a direct measure of its destabilization upon mutation, ΔΔGU-‡.
