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We performed regression on the variables, and since the variables were integrated of the same order, the regression results are levels remained fit.
We found that all variables were integrated of order 1, except for democracy that was already stationary in levels or integrated of order 0. Concerning the regression procedure, we demonstrated that GMM system estimators were more efficient and unbiased than other estimators proposed in the literature (OLS, fixed effects, panel correction standard errors and first-differenced GMM).
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Accordingly, all variables are integrated of order one I(1).
We therefore say they are integrated of order one.
With the ADF test, both of these variables are integrated of order one.
This means that all the variables are integrated of order one, that is I(1).
In other words, the variables are integrated of order 1 i.e. I(1) series).
Thus, the KPSS tests suggest that these three series are integrated of order two or higher.
This indicates that all the data series are integrated of order one, or I(1).
The variables in first differences are all stationary, indicating that they are integrated of order one or I(1).
The KPSS test shows that the variables are integrated of order one for all countries in the sample.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com