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Both Karl Jaspers (1961) and Hannah Arendt (1987), as well H. D. Lewis (1948), were clearly concerned in their writings on collective responsibility about whether or not the German people can legitimately be held collectively responsible for World War II Nazi crimes.
Again, the land in question does not go to individuals but is held collectively.
*The Allies should declare that if the genocide continued and the German masses did not rise to stop it, the German people would be held collectively responsible.
Members of any other such group are held collectively responsible for any injury suffered at the hands of the members of that group.
Muslims are well used to being held collectively responsible for the violent acts of anyone identifying as Muslim, or indeed with any semblance of Muslim heritage.
Protests against the play's representation of Jews gained momentum after 1965, following the Second Vatican Council's declaration that Jews should no longer be held collectively and perpetually responsible for the death of Jesus.
When self-deceptive beliefs such as these are held collectively, they become entrenched and their consequences, good or bad, are magnified (Surbey 2004).
Hence, Kovach finds it necessary to insist that if individuals are to be held collectively responsible for group harms that they be understood as having "acted out the view of themselves as group members" or as having "performed" the group identity.
An ACO is a group of health care providers who band together, agreeing to be held collectively responsible for the cost and quality of care delivered to patients.
Other researchers have identified this additional layer of knowledge that is held collectively by health care teams [ 30- 32].
The knowledge gained through epistemic learning can be added to the organizational knowledge base, which is held collectively in members' minds and information systems [ 45].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com