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Discover LudwigSuggestions(5)
"were determined by" is correct and usable in written English.
You can use it when you want to say that something was decided or established by an outside source or authority. For example, "The winners of the competition were determined by a panel of judges."
Exact(60)
(Team finishes were determined by cumulative times).
Concentrations were determined by spectrophotometry.
awamori-fermented LPE were determined by HPLC.
r2 values were determined by linear regression.
Protein levels were determined by Western analysis.
IC50 values were determined by regression analysis.
Am concentrations were determined by HPLC analysis.
Lower thicknesses were determined by extrapolation.
Measurement depths were determined by core inspections.
Red circles were determined by NIED (2012).
Expression levels were determined by qPCR.
More suggestions(25)
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com