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Six breast milk samples with undetectable values for mono-methyl phthalate (mMP) were assigned the limit of detection (LOD) value for mMP (0.01 μg/L) before statistical analysis.
Phthalate concentrations below the level of detection [5.1% for mono 2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (mono 2-ethylhexylll other metabolites studied] were assigned the limit of detection divided by the square root of 2, as recommended by NHANES.
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Cytokine concentrations above the limit of quantification were assigned the upper limit.
For analysis, viral loads below the lower limit of detection were assigned a value of one-half the lower limit, and values above the assay's upper limit were assigned the upper limit.
Where samples were undetectable below the threshold, the lowest detectable level was assigned; and where sample concentrations were greater than the range available for analysis, they were assigned the upper limit value of the range.
For arsenobetaine, 48% of samples (n = 1,109) fell below the corresponding detection limit and were assigned the detection limit divided by the square root of 2. However, because only 23 participants (1.0%) had arsenocholine measures above the detection limit, we assigned a value of 0 to all measures that fell below the detection limit (Steinmaus et al. 2009).
Hormone values below the lower limit of detection were assigned the value of this limit (i.e., 1.4 pg/ml for oestrone [n = 16] and 86 pg/ml for testosterone [n = 24] and androstenedione [n = 1]).
Samples below the limit of detection were assigned the value of the assay detection limit.
Data for the biomarker measurements were analyzed after natural log transformation due to their skewed distribution, and values below the limit of detection were assigned the value of the lower detection limit for the particular kit.
Urinary measurements of total arsenic and DMA, samples with levels below the detection limit (0.6% n = 13 and 1.0% n = 240, respectively) were assigned the value of the detection limit divided by the square root of 2 (Caldwell et al. 2009; Jones et al. 2011; Navas-Acien et al. 2008; Steinmaus et al. 2009).
Undetectable levels of cTnT were assigned the value of the lower limit of the assay, 10 pg/ml.
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