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The prepared samples were also characterised using XRD and FTIR.
The barrier properties of aryl-modified GC surfaces were also characterised using Fe CN 63− and dopamine redox probes.
The Pt/YSZ systems of both 'clean' and variable-coverage sodium-modified catalyst surfaces were also characterised using SEM, XPS and work function measurements using the Kelvin probe technique.
The Al-SBA-15 and Al-MCM-48 catalysts were also characterised using nitrogen adsorption at −196 °C, as shown in Fig. 35, to confirm that these materials had retained their mesostructures after the post-alumination process to substitute the silicon with aluminium.
Samples were also characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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The quality of LIP nickel layers was also characterised using ICP measurements for various critical parameters in the cell design, such as the conductivity of the laser-doped grooves and the lateral resistance of the emitter.
This flow structure was also characterised using Doppler colour flow mapping in both longitudinal and transverse planes, confirming the location of the vortex within the body and proximal part of the anastomosis.
They revealed constant-phase-angle (CPA) behaviour with a frequency exponent value of 0.96 for surfaces that were also characterised as atomically flat using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Medium risk drivers were also characterised by more risky road use than the low risk group.
The NPs were also characterised by electrophoretic mobility, and the Smoluchowski approximation used to determine zeta-potential (ZP) on a Zetasizer ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK).
The patients were also characterised at the Centre for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Freiburg, Germany, using a standardized clinical protocol.
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