In order to identify a causal relationship, Lochner and Moretti 2004, for the US, and Machin et al. 2011, for the UK, use the exogenous variation provided by changes in compulsory school laws, which affect different cohorts of individuals going through their schooling experience.
"No doubt there'll be ramifications for them as they go through their school life.
Unless new money for education is found at the fourth United Nations Syria Pledging Conference in London on 4 February, hundreds of thousands will go through their school-age years without ever entering a classroom.
"Pupil referral units and young offenders institutes are full of young people who have been failed, going through their school lives with undiagnosed disorders and additional needs.
The solution will require us to go back to schools and fight for policy changes there; to go to the LGBT youth themselves and support them as they try to change things for the next class that'll be going through their schools systems; and to go to the legislature to make rules that even rural and private schools will have to follow.
"I don't want them to go through their high school life thinking everything is handed to them".
Some girls and boys will now go through their entire school days without ever entering a classroom.
Legislators have said that students can opt out of the lesson, but parents still have to go through their local school board.
But as the numbers of refugee children swell, an even bigger gap in provision has opened up in an area that has too long been neglected and yet has huge long-term consequences for global stability: millions of refugee children will go through their entire school-age years in exile and will never even enter a classroom.
"Going through high school and college, people need someone who's older and been there before.
Every Friday, for the first month of school, go through their ideas together.
