Despite many advances in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer, these methods have a well known low specificity [ 2], resulting in an 'indeterminate' or 'suspicious' diagnosis in 10% - 20% of cases.
The nucleic acid sensing transmembrane TLRs, TLR 3, 7, 8 and 9, localize to intracellular compartments and have well known ligand specificities, with TLR3 detecting dsRNA, TLR7 and TLR8 detecting ssRNA, and TLR9 responding to patterns found in microbial DNA and oligodeoxynucleotides encoding unmethylated CpG motifs [5].
Their results confirm and amplify a well known problem; the specificity of current methods is still too low.
It is well known that the substrate specificity of PDE III is cAMP > cGMP; therefore, PDE III inhibitors will increase the intracellular cAMP concentration [9] [11].
Although sensitivity and specificity are well known as measures of diagnostic accuracy, their results may be influenced by the prevalence of disease in tested subjects.
Indeed, it is well known that IGRA has major specificity compared to conventional TST and that IGRA positivity should not be attributed to boosting induced by a previous TST [ 22, 25].
Clinically, it is well known that tumour metastasis has organ specificity.
Most of the occupational studies ascertained diabetes based on death certificates, which are well known to have low sensitivity and specificity for diabetes (Cheng et al. 2008).
Two of the mutations are in a region well known to play a role in host specificity; they are believed to help HA latch onto mammalian receptors.
In mammals, it is well known that P450 variants can display different substrate specificity [ 60- 64].
More importantly, a tentative DR motif that governs the fine-specificity of antigen presentation had been well known recently [26].
