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Additionally or alternatively, horizontal gene transfer – well established in the bacterial world – could also contribute to this phenomenon.
It is also well established that horizontal gene transfer occurs more frequently in Bacteria than in the other superkingdoms.
While nucleic acid catalysis of phosphoryl transfer is well established for phosphorylation of 5' or 2' OH of oligonucleotide substrates, phosphorylation of diffusible small molecules has not been demonstrated.
Natural acquisition of novel genes from other organisms by horizontal or lateral gene transfer is well established for microorganisms.
While the efficacy of Treg transfer is well established in animal models, clinical trials in new-onset type 1 diabetic patients have just begun (Table 3).
In this paper, the exact homology relationships among the collected sequences were not well established and, thus, function annotation transfer in this context is problematic.
Dedicated to Prof. Bernhard Dick on the occasion of his 60th birthday Nowadays it is well established that photochemically induced electron transfer (ET) through DNA in solution is limited to relatively short distances.
While the role of horizontal gene transfer in introducing novel genes into the Salmonella genome has been well established, our analyses show that horizontal transfer (and recombination) of homologous genes also plays an important role in the diversification of Salmonella; 270 of the 3316 genes characterized (8.1%) showed evidence for intragenic homologous recombination.
It is well established that the exclusion of transfers would minimise the overestimation of the incidence of hospitalised injury.
It is currently well established that Lagrangian chaos intensifies heat transfer significantly [J. Fluid Mech. 209 (1989) 335].
Taking advantage of the well established ability of Agrobacteria tumefaciens to transfer a defined segment of DNA (T-DNA) to the plant nucleus [ 4], the molecular genetic modification of plants is most often performed using binary vector systems that separate the T-DNA from the trans-acting virulence proteins that effect the transfer [ 5].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

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