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Patients can clinically present with disorders ranging from migraine with aura (20-40%), ischemic events (strokes or transient ischemic attacks, 60-80%), subcortical vascular dementia, seizures and mood disturbances, despite the lack of well defined risk factors [42], [43], [44].
Nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a well defined risk factor for subsequent bacteremia and death in various groups of patients, but its impact on outcome in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis (HD) is under debate.
In addition, reflux is a well defined risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma [ 8, 14], and it has traditionally been assumed that the effect of elevated BMI is etiologically mediated by reflux.
Vaccine is offered to well defined risk groups, such as injecting drug users (IDUs), contacts of known carriers, men who have sex with men (MSM), immigrants from countries with a high prevalence, medical workers and students, and newborns born to mothers from endemic countries with medium or high prevalence.
In addition to the most well defined risk factors, tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, the infection of human papillomavirus (HPV), 90% of which is the oncogenic type 16, is recently reported to be detectable in approximately one fourth to one third of SCCHN [ 14, 15], and recognized as one of the most potentially contributive risk factors for SCCHN arising at the oropharyngeal site [ 16- 22].
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Catheterisation itself carries a less than 1% mortality in human coronary angioplasty series with well defined risks.
45 The incidence of ONJ in patients using oral BPs for osteoporosis is low, and associated with other risks for ONJ, such as infection, and possibly other, not yet well defined risks and co-morbidities.
Treatment with oral anticoagulant may influence the quality of life perception as it promotes changes in the patient's life, not offering an evident symptomatic relief and presenting well defined risks, such as bleeding.
These include: a) a risk screening tool that creates a new risk category for minimal risk evaluative activities that have relatively well defined risks and which can be reviewed by the research ethics officer for appropriate measures to mitigate those risks.
For some clinical studies we need an oversampling of risks and well defined high-risk populations.
Although the factors associated with diabetic people developing a foot ulcer are well defined (1), risk factors for amputation are less clear.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com