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We compare the spatial patterns of both channel steepness index and cosmogenic 10Be-determined erosion rates from four landscapes in Italy, where the geology and tectonics are well constrained, to four theoretical predictions of channel morphologies, which can be interpreted as the result of primarily tectonic or lithologic controls.
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For instance, the instantaneous σ(t) pulses could well be constrained to occur with differential probability in different parts of phase space.
So we will take a different route here, starting with our own familiar branch, the vertebrates, and working backwards to more distant and unfamiliar relatives, attempting to describe events in evolutionary history that are well constrained, through to those that are not so well constrained.
We used forward modeling to identify the features of coseismic slip that are not well constrained and to determine the range of plausible models.
The slip maxima are dominant at a very shallow depth near Beichuan and Jiangyou, although the exact peak value of the slip distribution is not well constrained due to the inhomogeneous data coverage in the near-fault area.
Using arbitrary choices based on such few data (even with input from expert judgement) to inform a fully probabilistic assessment may have suggested that model parameters (and associated uncertainties) were well constrained, leading to a false degree of confidence in the output.
In many mathematical models of biological events, including differential equation models of the gap gene network in Drosophila, parameter ranges are fairly well constrained due to previous studies which have estimated values for parameters such as diffusion and decay rates [ 23- 25].
We consider the variation to be well constrained because its wavelength is comparable to the variation recovered in the checkerboard tests.
The main eruptive vents are shown in these figures as red stars (locations well constrained for phases 1 to 3, but speculative for phase 4).
The strength of silicic magma is not well constrained, but is likely to be within 1 10 MPa (Romano et al., 1996) and may be reduced by the presence of crystals and bubbles caused by local stress amplification (Spieler et al., 2004).
The lobes are constrained to match well data.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com