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Although fungal laccases are well known and well characterized, only recently has in silico biology led to rapid advances in the discovery, characterization and engineered expression of prokaryotic laccases.
Although several bulk electrolysis studies of the electro-oxidation of triphenylphosphine (Ph3P) have been published, and its products, triphenilphosphonium salts and triphenylphosphine oxide are well characterized, only scant and qualitative information on its anodic voltammetric properties is available.
Signalling pathways controlled by these G-proteins are well characterized only for Gq family members, which activate specific isoforms of phospholipase C, resulting in increases in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC), among other responses.
These genes are also well characterized; only four of the 112 genes were annotated to "biological process unknown".
Although the importance of prM antibodies have been well characterized, only a few epitopes in DENV prM protein have ever been identified.
At present, reeler genes are well characterized only in lepidopteran insects including Hyphantria cunea[ 54], Manduca sexta[ 53], Samia cynthia ricini[ 55], Lonomia obliqua[ 56], Antheraea mylitta[ 52] and B. mori[ 57].
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PBPs involved in ATP-binding cassette transport systems have been well characterized, but only a few PBPs involved in TRAP transport have been studied.
ICEs have been reported frequently in Streptococci and Enterococci, and they are well characterized, but only two previous studies have described ICEs in the genus Lactobacillus: one in L. paracasei [ 16] and the other in L. salivarius [ 17].
Some motifs involved in circadian regulation, including E-box, D-box, and Rev-responsive elements (RREs) (Bozek et al., 2009, 2010; Ukai and Ueda, 2010), have been well characterized but have only a limited ability to explain the extensive influence of the core clockwork on circadian patterns of gene expression.
Here, dispersion of repolarization due to APD heterogeneity has not only been well characterized but directly related to increased arrhythmogenic risk (1).
Not only is cpaS exceptionally well characterized, but A. flavus is in a different class (Eurotiomycetes) from Fusarium (Sordariomycetes).
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