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Next we wondered how well a causal relationship could be inferred when the regulator was part of a multi-factor regulon.
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Health literacy is recognized as an important determinant of health as well as a causal factor in health disparities among different population groups.
Filtering by IBD would only discard 16 genes, which according to previous reports may well contain a causal variant.
Although the precise reactive species quenched by these antioxidants (and their associated rates) are not well-defined, a causal role for elevated ROS levels in cancer-cell death has previously been inferred based on the ability of antioxidant molecules to prevent toxicity when co-treated with ROS-enhancing stimuli.
and lower in animal-based foods, is more health promoting and is associated with less environmental impact than is the current U.S. diet". The use of "associated with," which falls well short of a causal relationship, is quite revealing.
Tobacco smoking is well established as a causal risk factor for multiple diseases (1).
Future work will need to confirm that simulation is indeed the key mechanism underlying these results, as well as demonstrating a causal influence of this mechanism on spatial cognition.
If these are derived from empirically well-tested theories, a causal relation may be assumed.
And second, as our design is cross-sectional, we are unable to assess whether the association between restricted standard of living and poorer psychological well-being is a causal one, and must be left for future research.
A well defined causal question stemming from a theoretical framework that is presumably of interest to governing bodies responsible for policy priorities.
Therefore, this method is well appropriate to underline a causal relationship between Lp(a) and PAD/ABI which is hardly possible with conventional epidemiological observation studies.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com