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The hypothesis of the present study was that providing finishing steers with underfoot comfort would enhance animal performance and welfare variables.
However, as shown in previous research, objective differences in HRQOL across countries were frequently observed, and political and welfare variables have been associated to these differences, since countries with stronger social welfare orientations seem to impact positively on quality of life, while a poorer HRQOL was frequently observed in people living in Southern regions [ 35, 36].
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Nevertheless, even in the latter option, the welfare variable can be contaminated by differences in preferences.
An outline is given on traditional genetic selection methods applied on behaviour and welfare related variables.
In the same vein, comparison between market participants and non-participants, presented in Table 5, also revealed significant differences in key welfare indicator variables.
Using EU-LFS data, I analyze the determinants of migration flows and do not find evidence that welfare state variables affect migration flows when controlling for temporary political restrictions of the freedom of movement.
With small populations enjoying high welfare, a variable value principle behaves like total utilitarianism and assigns most of the value to the total sum of welfare.
For the interaction effect of the "welfare magnet" variable with the 2 + 3 + 2 rule dummy, a coefficient value of -5.147 is found.
The coefficients in specification (5) indicate an effect of the net wage which is about 14 times as large as the effect of the welfare state variable.
A potential pull effect of the welfare state variable would be almost completely offset by the application of the 2 + 3 + 2 rule.
Ratings by human observers have long been used by animal scientists and veterinarians to assess certain physical traits (e.g. body fat), and can also be applied to the assessment of behaviour and a variety of welfare-relevant variables (e.g. pain responsiveness, alopecia/barbering).
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