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Welding process for thermoplastic polymers happens with activation of welded surfaces either before bringing these surfaces in contact (hot tool, hot gas, or IR-radiation welding) or with activation of surfaces simultaneous with bringing surfaces in contact (friction or ultrasonic welding) [7].
Subsequently, the welded surfaces were subjected to buffing operation followed by determination of residual stress distribution and surface roughness by XRD and surface profilometer measurements respectively.
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The PS discharge-based plasma cathode electron (PCE) gun has potential applications in microwave generation, electron beam melting, welding, surface treatment, plasma chemistry, radiation technologies, laser pumping, and where material cathode cannot be used[2, 3].
In particular, weld surfaces must always be ground down.
The stress is then not easily relieved, and types of dislocation motion that are characteristic of the fatigue process initiate a crack at the weld surface.
Weld surface had a shiny weld bead with deep voids.
The weld surface is smooth and composed of closely spaced ripples in all the joints.
The welds produced with this tool improved the welds surface quality and strength significantly.
During welding, surface roughness is strongly influenced by the interaction of filler wire, laser, and gas.
The stability of the weld surface quality resulting from laser arc hybrid welding of 4 mm thick steel was studied.
An assisted heating tool design was used to obtain better weld surface finish, and lower chip formation and material loss during friction stir welding (FSW) of thermoplastics.
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