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where the index j is along the direction perpendicular to the weld direction.
The most crucial hybrid welding parameter determined by ANOVA was the weld direction.
Linear elastic finite element analyses were then carried out to estimate the stress concentration factors along the weld direction of each specimen.
As the pressure applied by the sand increased, face sheet fracture by a combination of tensile stretching and shear-off occurred first at the two clamped edges of the panels that were parallel with the corrugation and weld direction.
The effects of weld residual stress and heat affected zone on the fatigue propagation of cracks parallel and orthogonal to the weld direction in friction stir welded (FSW) 2024-T351 joints were investigated.
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Four process parameters namely arc voltage, input current, welding speed and welding direction have been optimized to minimize the distortion of the structure.
Concentrating on the application of design and manufacturing technology using the laser-welded lap joints, the residual stress and welding direction of the laser-welded lap joint have to be considered in relation to its fatigue strength.
The optimized factors included continuous variables (welding current (I), welding voltage (U) and welding speed (v)) and discrete variables (welding sequence (S) and welding direction (D)).
Also, the cutting direction is perpendicular to the welding direction (Fig. 2).
Main variables of test specimens are weld length and welding direction against applied force.
Two line profiles at 0° and 25° rotation taken from simulated radiographs perpendicular to the welding direction.
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