Offspring born to dams fed control or P diet, when fed P diet exhibited a higher body weight, altered hypothalamic leptin sensitivity and metabolic parameters suggesting that maternal P diet has no protective effect on offspring.
Inoculated animals were observed for the development of signs of lethal plague disease, including loss of body weight, altered physical behavior and death, for a period of 10 days.
Adverse effects include reduced birth weight, altered fetal cognitive and reproductive tract development, and increased risk of premature birth and spontaneous abortion.
After 8 weeks, the obesogenic dietary regimen increased the body weight, altered the plasma lipid profile and increased the liver fat content and the plasma transaminase activities.
Perinatal exposure to BPA at 0.1 or 1.2 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day through drinking water significantly increased body weight, altered estrous cyclicity, and significantly lowered plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (Rubin et al. 2001).
This is especially relevant because in addition to a low birth weight, altered immune reactivity in neonatal pigs is associated with a greater risk of postnatal mortality, a major concern with regard to animal welfare [ 21, 22].
In animals, fetal nicotine exposure results in increased adiposity and body weight, altered perivascular adipose tissue composition and function, raised blood pressure, elevated fasting serum insulin concentrations, and enhanced insulin response to a glucose challenge (Bruin et al. 2010).
For example, humans are exposed to bisphenol A via polycarbonate plastics, many can linings and some cash register receipts; bisphenol A exposure in rodent models results in increased weight, altered glucose homeostasis, altered beta cell function, altered liver lipids and cardiovascular dysfunction [ 26, 44– 44].
Finally, the additional inclusion of non-response weights altered the revealed estimates only slightly (data not shown).
The reduced body weights, altered soft tissue composition, and increased metabolic rate in the male TG mice presented here are hallmarks of the cachectic state in humans.
