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In the forty years that followed the Union, successive British governments grappled with the problems of governing a country which had, as Benjamin Disraeli put it in 1844, "a starving population, an absentee aristocracy, and an alien Church, and in addition the weakest executive in the world".
Importantly, those scoring poorest on the executive test (i.e. with the weakest executive control) showed the largest discrepancy between intended and actual behaviour.
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Carter is a weak executive and a maladroit politician.
But he was widely viewed as a weak executive whose initiatives were subject to veto by Mr. Putin.
Both of these wishes pointed towards a constitutional system with a weak executive, which is what Italy got.
That period could offer encouragement to protesters, as well, and send the message that Mr. Putin was returning as a relatively weak executive.
And during a recent trip to Iowa, when asked to contrast their records as governor, Ms. Palin declined, noting that Texas has a weak executive office.
A President enabled by a spineless and supine Congress that fails to exercise its oversight powers isn't a weak executive at all: he is a potential despot.
To the consternation of some critics, he has transformed the traditionally weak executive branch into an aggressive one, appointing "czars" to oversee functions like antidrug enforcement.
Like Hooker, he assumes a conservative social hierarchy with a relatively weak executive power and defends the propertied classes both against a ruler by divine right and against radicals.
Grévy served in the Constituent Assembly of 1848 where, fearing the rise of Louis-Napoléon (later Emperor Napoleon III), he advocated a weak executive, a viewpoint he held throughout his career.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com